## Final plot
gapminder_brazil |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = 'Life expectancy evolution in Brazil',
       subtitle = 'From 1952 to 2007',
       x = 'Years',
       y = 'Life expectancy(age)',
       caption = 'Source: gapminder dataset') +
  theme_light() +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1952, 2007, by = 5)) +
  geom_line()

## Plotting the first layer of our plot
gapminder2 <- gapminder |> 
  filter(country %in% c('Brazil', 'Chile'))

## Plotting it!
gapminder2 |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = 'Life expectancy evolution in Brazil & Chile',
       subtitle = 'From 1952 to 2007',
       x = 'Years',
       y = 'Life expectancy(age)',
       caption = 'Source: gapminder dataset') +
  theme_light() +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1952, 2007, by = 5)) +
  geom_line() +
  ## We know in advance that our data contains the column named 'country'
  facet_wrap(~country)

## We can create a ggplot object and keep building on top of it later on!
our_plot <- gapminder_brazil |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = 'Life expectancy evolution in Brazil',
       subtitle = 'From 1952 to 2007',
       x = 'Years',
       y = 'Life expectancy(age)',
       caption = 'Source: gapminder dataset') +
  theme_light() +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1952, 2007, by = 5)) +
  geom_line()

## Building on top of the ggplot variable we've created
# The `ggthemes` package contains a fair amount of different themes
# Nice way of quickly customizing our plot with one line of code
our_plot +
  # Using a theme from the `ggthemes` package
  theme_economist()

## Remember, we are building on top of the ggplot variable we've created
our_plot +
  ## Now, let's make some little improvements
  theme_light() +
  # Setting the position of the legend to be on the `top`
  theme(legend.position = "top",
        ## Adding a rectangular element in the background of the legend
        legend.background = element_rect(fill = "lightblue",
                                         colour = "darkblue",
                                         size = 1,
                                         linetype = "solid"),
        ## Adding a rectangular element in the plot and panel background
        plot.background = element_rect(fill = "lavender"),
        panel.background = element_rect(fill = "ivory"),
        ## Setting the size of the font in the text with element_text
        text = element_text(size = 12),
        ## Bolding the text of the title of the axis with element_text
        axis.title = element_text(face = "bold")) 

## Remember, we are building on top of the ggplot variable we've created
our_plot +
  ## Setting the color of the points to equal a condition (odd years)
  geom_point(aes(color = year %% 2 == 1)) +  
  ## Coloring the result of the condition of black or red
  scale_color_manual(values = c("FALSE" = "black", "TRUE" = "red"), guide = FALSE) +
  ## Adding a text label for the even years
  geom_text(aes(label = ifelse(year %% 2 == 0,
                               as.character(ceiling(lifeExp)),
                               "")), 
            hjust = 0.5, vjust = 2, color = "black", size = 4)